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I can still remember how
That music used to make me smile.
And I knew if I had my chance,
That I could make those people dance,
And maybe they'd be happy for a while.

Drove my Chevy to the levee but the levee was dry
Them good ol' boys were drinkin whiskey and rye
Singing "This'll be the day that I die,
This'll be the day that I die."

There's also an old Sunday School song which goes: "Jesus loves me this I know, for the Bible tells me so" (Stephen Joseph Smith tells me that Bartlett's gives the source of this as "The Love of Jesus", by Anna Bartlett Warner, 1858.)

Now do you believe in rock 'n roll?

So just the fact they were dancing didn't tell you anything, but if "I saw you dancing in the gym" I could tell from watching whether there was anything between you (figuratively :-). (Thanks to Dave Tutelman for this note.)

You both kicked off your shoes

In the early 50s, as they were exposed to it through radio personalities such as Allan Freed, white teenagers began listening, too. Starting around 1954, a number of songs from the rhythm and blues charts began appearing on the overall popular charts as well, but usually in cover versions by established white artists, (e. g. "Shake Rattle and Roll", Joe Turner, covered by Bill Haley; "Sh-Boom", the Chords, covered by the Crew-Cuts; "Sincerely", the Moonglows, covered by the Mc Guire Sisters; Tweedle Dee, LaVerne Baker, covered by Georgia Gibbs).

By 1955, some of the rhythm and blues artists, like Fats Domino and Little Richard were able to get records on the overall pop charts. In 1956 Sun records added elements of country and western to produce the kind of rock and roll tradition that produced Buddy Holly. (Thanks to Barry Schlesinger for this historical note. ---Rsk) (Oh...and Barry, Dave Tutelman wants to know if you were Bronx Science class of '58.)

I was a lonely teenage broncin' buck
With a pink carnation and a pickup truck

The "rolling stone" could also be Elvis, although I don't think he'd started to pork out by the late sixties.

It could refer to rock and rollers in general, and the changes that had taken place in the business in the 60's, especially the huge amounts of cash some of them were beginning to make, and the relative stagnation that entered the music at the same time.

Or, perhaps it's a reference to the stagnation in rock and roll.

Or, finally, it could refer to the Rolling Stones themselves; a lot of musicians were angry at the Stones for "selling out". Howard Landman points out that John Foxx of Ultravox was sufficiently miffed to write a song titled "Life At Rainbow's End (For All The Tax Exiles On Main Street)". The Stones at one point became citizens of some other country merely to save taxes.

But that's not how it used to be
When the jester sang for the King and Queen

On the cover of "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan", Dylan is wearing just such as red windbreaker, and is posed in a street scene similar to one shown in a well-known picture of James Dean.

Bob Dylan played a command performance for the Queen of England. He was *not* properly attired, so perhaps this is a reference to his apparel.

And a voice that came from you and me

On the other hand, some of the wordplay in Lennon's lyrics and books is reminiscint of Groucho.) The "Marx-Lennon" wordplay has also been used by others, most notably the Firesign Theatre on the cover of their album "How Can You Be In Two Places At Once When You're Not Anywhere At All?". Also, a famous French witticism was "Je suis Marxiste, tendance Groucho."; "I'm a Marxist of the Groucho variety".

It's also a pun on "Lenin".

The quartet practiced in the park

McLean had become friends with Lee Hays of the Weavers in the early 60's while performing in coffeehouses and clubs in upstate New York and New York City. He was also well-acquainted with Pete Seeger; in fact, McLean, Seeger, and others took a trip on the Hudson river singing anti-pollution songs at one point. Seeger's LP "God Bless the Grass" contains many of these songs.

And we sang dirges in the dark

Well, now, wait a minute; that's probably too obvious. It's possible that this line and the next few refer to the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The "sweet perfume" is probably tear gas.

While sergeants played a marching tune

Alternatively, this could refer to the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Or, perhaps McLean refers to the Beatles' music in general as "marching" because it's not music for dancing. Or, finally, the "marching tune" could be the draft.

We all got up to dance
Oh, but we never got the chance

Or, following on from the previous comment, perhaps he meant that there wasn't any music to dance to.

'Cause the players tried to take the field,
The marching band refused to yield.

This could be a reference to the dominance of the Beatles on the rock and roll scene. For instance, the Beach Boys released "Pet Sounds" in 1966 -- an album which featured some of the same sort of studio and electronic experimentation as "Sgt. Pepper" (1967) -- but the album sold poorly.

This might also be a comment about how the dominance of the Beatles in the rock world led to more "pop art" music, leading in turn to a dearth of traditional rock and roll.

Or finally, this might be a comment which follows up on the earlier reference to the draft: the government/military-industrial-complex establishment refused to accede to the demands of the peace movement.

Do you recall what was revealed,
The day the music died?
We started singing

Refrain

(Verse 5)
And there we were all in one place

It could also be a reference to the awful TV show, "Lost in Space", whose title was sometimes used as a synonym for someone who was rather high... but I keep hoping that McLean had better taste. :-)

With no time left to start again

It's possible that this is a reference to the Grateful Dead's "Friend of the Devil". But I doubt it.

An alternative interpretation of the last four lines is that they may refer to Jack Kennedy and his quick decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis; the candlesticks/fire refer to ICBMs and nuclear war.

And as I watched him on the stage
My hands were clenched in fists of rage
No angel born in hell
Could break that satan's spell

Public outcry that the song "Sympathy for the Devil" had somehow incited the violence caused the Stones to drop the song from their show for the next six years. This incident is chronicled in the documentary film "Gimme Shelter".

It's also possible that McLean views the Stones as being negatively inspired (remember, he had an extensive religious background) by virtue of "Sympathy for the Devil", "Their Satanic Majesties' Request" and so on. I find this a bit puzzling, since the early Stones recorded a lot of "roots" rock and roll, including Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away".

And as the flames climbed high into the night
To light the sacrificial rite

(It could be a reference to Jimi Hendrix burning his Stratocaster at the Monterey Pop Festival, but that was in 1967 and this verse is set in 1968.)

I saw satan laughing with delight

It could also refer to record stores as "sacred" because this is where one goes to get "saved". (See above lyric "Can music save your mortal soul?")

But the man there said the music wouldn't play

It's also possible that this line and the two before it refer to the closing of the Fillmore West in 19?? -- but I've been unable to verify that it was actually closed when this song was written.

And in the streets the children screamed

David Cromwell has suggested that this is an oblique reference to a line in Procol Harum's "Whiter Shade of Pale", but I'm not sure I buy that; for one thing, all of McLean's musical references are to much older "roots" rock and roll songs; and secondly, I think it's more likely that this line shows up in both songs simply because it's a common cultural metaphor.

The day the music died

This particularly enigmatic song has been discussed at least once a year since Usenet has had a newsgroup for discussing music. These discussions frequently repeat themselves, but occasionally introduce new information and new interpretations. Having watched this process repeat itself for fifteen years, I've created this, the annotated "American Pie".

This posting consists of: the lyrics to the song (left-justified) with comments (indented); the chords, for those who'd like to tackle it; some miscellaneous notes; and references. Comments are most welcome; comments backed up with references are *very* welcome.

The roots of this posting are in the "Great American Pie" Usenet discussion of 1983; much of it comes from wombat's (the original wombat, not me) posting in net.music on June 16, 1985. As Robert Williams has pointed out to me, the entire song can be viewed as one big projective test, so interpretations vary quite a bit. I've tried to be inclusive while also indicating which ones I buy into and which I don't; your mileage may vary. Note that Don McLean has been rather steadfastly silent on this over the years; my hunch is that he derives a great deal of quiet amusement from our attempts to dissect his lyrics. A few years back, while being interviewed by Bob Costas on the "Later" TV show, he was fairly surprised to find out that his song had so much meaning.

Recently, many people have inquired as to why I just don't ask Don McLean what he meant. Well...I probably could do that. I'll bet that he's online *somewhere*. But I think that it's much more fun for all of us to speculate and debate and discuss what we think it means. In many ways, it tells us more about ourselves, and about what our music and culture mean to us.

Besides, he gave us this song, which is one of the classics of our time; I don't feel that we can rightfully ask any more of him.

So, buy his records and tapes and CDs and attend his shows; but please don't bug him over this one song -- I have a hunch that he's had enough of it over the years.

I must also tip my hat to Cecil Adams, whose "Straight Dope" columns and books have been a source of joy and information to me since I discovered them in the Chicago Reader years ago. If there is any merit in this article's contents, credit Uncle Cecil for inspiring it. (And my thanks to Ed Zotti for getting this article mentioned in the latest S.D. book, "The Return of the Straight Dope". Go forth and buy it and drink deeply from the fountain of wisdom.)

Oh -- and about that. When Uncle Cecil ran a note about American Pie in his "Straight Dope" column on June 25, 1993 or so, it included some additional material from an "interview" with McLean and Casey Kasem. Several weeks later, the following letter appeared (August 3, 1993):

THE LAST WORD (PROBABLY) ON "AMERICAN PIE"

As you can imagine, over the years I've been asked many times to discuss and explain my song "American Pie" [June25]. I have never discussed the lyrics, but have admitted to the Holly reference in the opening stanzas. I dedicated the album American Pie to Buddy Holly as well in order to connect the entire statement to Holly in hopes of bringing about an interest in him, which subsequently did occur.

This brings me to my point. Casey Kasem never spoke to me and none of the references he confirms my making were made by me. You will find many "interpretations" of my lyrics but none of them by me. Isn't this fun?

Sorry to leave you all on your own like this but long ago I realized that songwriters should make their statements and move on, maintaining a dignified silence.

- Don McLean
Castine, Maine

Incidentally, gentle reader, you'll find a revision history and credits
at the end of all this. Many thanks to those who have contributed.

Rich Kulawiec
rsk@itw.com

Other notes:

The Big Bopper's real name was J.P. Richardson. He was a DJ for a Texas radio station, KTRM, who had one very big novelty hit, the very well known "Chantilly Lace". There was a fourth person who was going to ride the plane. There was room for three, ahd the fourth person lost the toss -- or should I say won the toss. His name is Waylon Jennings...and to this day he refuses to talk about the crash. ( Jennings was the bass player for Holly's band at the time. Some people say that Holly had chartered the plane for his band, but that Valens and/or Richardson was sick that night and asked to take the place of the band members.)

About the "coat he borrowed from James Dean": James Dean's red windbreaker is important throughout the film, not just at the end. When he put it on, it meant that it was time to face the world, time to do what he thought had to be done, and other melodramatic but thoroughly enjoyable stuff like that. The week after the movie came out, virtually every clothing store in the U.S. was sold out of red windbreakers. Remember that Dean's impact was similar to Dylan's: both were a symbol for the youth of their time, a reminder that they had something to say and demanded to be listened to.

American Pie is supposed to be the name of the plane that crashed, containing the three musicians who died. (Reported by Ronald van Loon from the discussion on American Pie, autumn 1991, on rec.music.folk)

Dan Stanley mentioned an interesting theory involving all of this; roughly put, he figures that if Holly hadn't died, then we would not have suffered through the Fabian/Pat Boone/et.al. era...and as a consequence, we wouldn't have *needed* the Beatles -- Holly was moving pop music away from the stereotypical boy/girl love lost/found lyrical ideas, and was recording with unique instrumentation and techniques...things that Beatles wouldn't try until about 1965. Perhaps Dylan would have stuck with the rock and roll he played in high school, and the Byrds never would have created an amalgam of Dylan songs and Beatle arrangements.

Lynn Gold tells me that "Life" magazine carried an annotated version of American Pie when the song came out; does anybody have a copy? If so, please contact me, because I'd love to see it.

Still other :-) notes:

Andrew Whitman brings a sense of perspective to all of this by noting:

As to what they threw off the bridge, Bobbie Gentry once went on record with the statement that it was the mystery that made the song, and that the mystery would remain unsolved. Don McLean later used the same device to even greater success with "American Pie," which triggered a national obsession on figuring out the "real meaning" of the song.

Of course, such a view poses problems. McLean vehemently denies any knowledge of Choctaw Ridge, and any theory linking the two songs must surely address this mysterious meeting place of Billie Jo and her husband Billy Joe. Vandeman speculates that Choctaw Ridge may have been the place McLean drove his Chevy after drinking whiskey and rye, and that McLean may have been unaware of the name because of his foggy mental state. Still, there appear to be many tenuous connections in Vandeman's interpretation - Tammy Wynette as the girl who sang the blues, the proposed affair between Wynette and Billie Joe which later led to d-i-v-o-r-c-e and Billy Joe's suicide, the mysterious whereabouts of George Jones, and why McLean insisted on driving a Chevy to the levee instead of a more economical Japanese car.

My own view is that none of it makes much sense. Vandeman's theory is intriguing, but it seems far more logical to hold to the traditional interpretation of "American Pie" as an eschatological parable of nuclear destruction and the rebirth of civilization on Alpha Centauri.

[ Thanks, Andrew. I'll take it under advisement. Oh, and I've forwarded this to Mulder and Scully for their take on it. ;-) ---Rsk ]

References: Billboard Book of Number One Hits, by Fred Bronson, Billboard, 1985.

Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul, revised edition, by Irwin Stambler, St. Martin's Press, 1989.

Return of the Straight Dope, by Cecil Adams, Ballatine Books, 1994, p.398.

Rock Chronicle, by Dan Formento, Delilah/Putnam, 1982.

Rock Day by Day, by Steve Smith and the Diagram Group, Guiness Books, 1987.

Rock Topicon, by Dave Marsh, Sandra Choron and Debbie Geller, Contemporary Books, 1984.

Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, ed. by Jon Pareles and Patricia Romanowski, Rolling Stone Press/Summit Books, 1983.

Rolling Stone Record Guide, ed. by Dave Marsh with John Swenson, Random House/Rolling Stone Press, 1979.

The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage, by Todd Gitlin, Bantam Book, 1987.

Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire's History of the Sixties, ed. by Harold Hayes, Esquire Press, 1987.

It was Twenty Years ago Today: An Anniversary Celebration of 1967, by Derek Taylor, Fireside, 1987.

Don Wegeng mentioned that some of his comments came from an interpretation broadcast by radio station WIFE (AM) in Indianapolis, which was the most popular station in Indy when American Pie was a hit. Credits, in rough chronological order:

(The names of these first few are lost in the mists of the heady early days of Usenet. If they'd like to step forward, I'd be happy to add their real names to their !-land addresses.)
wombat@ccvaxa.uucp
ihuxr!steck
steiny@idsvax.uuucp
ihldt!bnp
sbcs!murray
fortune!grw
iws@rayssdb.ray.com (Ihor W. Slabicky)
tugs@csri.toronto.edu (Stephen Hull)
dko@calmasd.ge.com (Dan O'Neill)
ssm@calmasd.ge.com (Sharon McBroom)
mfterman@phoenix.princeton.edu (Martin Terman)
rsk@gynko.circ.upenn.edu (Rich Kulawiec)
tim@tcom.stc.co.uk (Tim Kennedy)
rns@tortuga.sandiego.ncr.com (Rick Schubert)
paul@moore.com (Paul Maclauchlan)
rvloon@cv.ruu.nl (Ronald van Loon)
wirth@sdsc.edu (Colleen Wirth)
nelson@berlioz.nsc.com (Taed Nelson)
bschlesinger@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (Barry Schlesinger)
Thomas.Sullivan@cs.cmu.edu (Tom Sullivan)
H.Edwards@massey.ac.nz (Howard Edwards)
gerry@macadam.mpce.mq.edu.au (Gerry Myerson)
rice@mcz.harvard.edu
dave@jato.jpl.nasa.gov (Dave Hayes)
rlwilliams@gallua.bitnet (Robert L. Williams)
bee@ms.uky.edu (Elizabeth Gilliam)
chris@gandalf.ca (Chris Sullivan)
dtpilkey@mailbox.syr.edu (David T. Pilkey)
Dan Stanley at Fitchburg State College (courtesy of Timothy J. Stanley, tjs@z.eecs.umich.edu)
lgold@cadence.com (Lynn Gold)
ajw@cbnews.cb.att.com (Andrew J. Whitman)
landman@hal.com (Howard Landman)
wegeng@eso.mc.xerox.com (Don Wegeng)
al@jupiter.nmt.edu (Al Stavely)
David (D.C.) Cromwell <cromwell@bnr.ca>
Jeffrey Ma (jma@pediatrics.medsch.ucla.edu)
Jim Burrill (James_N._Burrill.OSBU_North@xerox.com)
Jim Jewett <jewett@medici.ils.nwu.edu>
Dave Tutelman <dtutelman@attmail.att.com>
HISCAP@LUSTA.latrobe.edu.au
exuhag@exu.ericsson.se (James Hague)
Brian.Scearce@Eng.Sun.COM (Brian Scearce)
jimh@ci.ft-wayne.in.us (James Haley)
sjsmith@cs.UMD.EDU (Stephen Joseph Smith)
kjbogart@midway.uchicago.edu (Kevin John Bogart)

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john crorzz	email_at_gmail.com	FTCjPFiibgHeQQrlqd
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Sure, pay for the visit out of pocket, inatesd of using insurance. The policyholder (your father) will get an explanation of benefits, showing the doctor charge. If you’re NOT a dependent of your father, you should have your OWN coverage. As long as he’s covering you and both of you are agreeing that you are his dependent (otherwise, you wouldn’t be using HIS insurance!), he’s entitled to this info.
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Yetalimus	verisimillitude_at_gmail.com	Hmmm ... it's jus a song
"Chevvy to the levee, but the levee was dry" ... hmmm ... would have thought that was referring to the US "cruising and alcohol" car culture, which had a problem in Mississippi (where most of the levees have dirt roads on top, ideal for cruising) because at the time it was still a ’dry’ state.
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swwwduwels	asgghrtret_at_gmail.com	Bruce Arians released from hospital, resting at home
Colts offensive coordinator Bruce Arians has been released from an Indianapolis hospital, and he plans to rest for a few days before starting interviews for open head-coaching positions with NFL teams, NFL.com’s Ian Rapoport reported Wednesday. No interviews have been scheduled, but NFL teams reportedly interested in meeting with Arians include the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and San Diego Chargers. On Wednesday, the Chargers hired Tom Telesco, the Colts’ former vice president of football operations, as their new general manager
sjduweladw	jiaotan1114_at_gmail.com	Wild Card Weekend: Wilson sparks Seattle
You have to wonder how this game would have turned out if Robert Griffin III hadn’t tweaked his knee in the first quarter and erased any chance he had of being effective under center. Or if Redskins coach Mike Shanahan had turned the offense over to Kirk Cousins, who has shown in the past that he can win games (as a backup and as a starter). Instead, Griffin might have hurt himself even worse in the fourth quarter on a botched snap, and Cousins had little chance to overcome a 10-point deficit.
mxliansaer	shenmu1114_at_gmail.com	NFL jerseys Outlet
GREEN BAY, Wis. — Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers showed how dangerous they can be when they’re at full strength Saturday night, overwhelming the Minnesota Vikings 24-10 in an NFC wild-card game that was never really close.
james kofi essien	Visitor_at_anonymo.us	intersesting
neer thought of it like this
RuthAnn	ruthannn_at_gmail.com	usenet wombat
As it turns out, the original "wombat" from Usenet is my friend Joan. It came up in conversation with another friend who was downloading songs for us to listen to. Somehow we got on the subject of the American Pie lyrics. Joan was very informed and mentioned that she had posted on usenet years before. Our friend was stunned and excited to learn that Joan, who has been "wombat" as long as we've known her, was THE wombat who had taken a lot of the information and organized it somehow. I will be visiting her this coming weekend and see if she is interested in updating you on current e-mail address and such.
Christelle Diedericks	cdieder_at_hotmail.com	Comment on American Pie
My first memory of the son ''American Pie'', was when I was still a little girl, waiting for my mother in the car when she had an appointment at the dentist. Today, Don MClean is one of my favourite songwriters. I prefer his version of the song, but still get a smoel on my face- even if Madonna sings it.
Aaron	lil_boy_13_at_807hotmail.com	General Comment
hi will kill you
missy shan	----------_at_-------------------	kill holly
we want to kill holly because she is a bitch and i want her to die!!!!!
javier lopez	atlantys_at_teleline.es	General Comment
this song is magic i love it so munch and i think it must be study at the school
Cecil Hamilton Jr.	speed4_at_peoplepc,com	Very good
This article Was very interesting.I grew up listing to all sorts of music,this article was like reading a history book.
Migen	avdullaj	great
this song was my friend durin the time in USA in Texas (houston) how can i have the cords of this song?
Jeff M	jeff.morin_at_att.net	another thought on Am. Pie
On page where you say, "The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death. McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et. al. " I agree with you, I think that's the main point. But I think the song also laments THE LOSS OF INNOCENCE, of popular music --rock and roll-- itself as it evolved from 1959 to 1970 reflecting social events (voilence, political strife, violence, and death); and in parallel the same loss of innocence of the fans who were kids in 1959 but grew and matured and (we hope) got wiser through the onslaught of the Beatles, Viet Nam, Altamont, and all the other things. Just a thought. Thanks. Jeff M
Perttuli	Anonymous	Yes!
In Finland we call this as "Reilu meininki!"
Carin Cronjé	carinc_at_gcs.co.za	Comment on American Pie
Hallo, I'm from South Africa. Know this song since childhood (born in 1980)and it brings to mind such good memories. So sad that a famous female singer can take this song and make it all a joke. I have a wish, no, a desire from my heart - that people will stop singing big hits of other, more talented and famous singers! Everyone have the chance to create their own big hits!
Ray	dbarray_at_yahoo.com	American Pie
I was 13 when this song came out and never understood the lyrics, always loved it though. I remember in the 70's, rock stations would do a countdown every New Year of the greatest songs ever. Number one always came down to either American Pie or Led Zeppelin's Stairway To Heaven .....
Rabdul Olam	Anonymous	General Comment
This song is very very good
ian	search_is_endless@hotmail.com	wow!
I am 16 and therefore was not born in the time this song was written, but me and my friends loved this song and tried to interpret it. We understood about Buddy Holly but without knowing any dates we thought the widowed bride may have been Yoko Ono! Seems your brilliant site proved us wrong!
april imson	april_imson@yahoo.com	General Comment
galing!
Steve Borgen	sborg23@hotmail.com	my interpretation
When he goes to the record store and the music there wouldn't play... The music takes on human characteristics in mourning the death of the three musicians. It doesn't play out of respect for the dead. But that's just my interpretation. Incidentally, I totally agree with McLean's assertion that music should be open for interpretation. The reason music is so powerful is because the songs speak to us individually based on our own experiences and dreams. Closing a song like this off by saying what he meant would just downplay its significance and take away the mystery that keeps us all interested. More importantly, this song inspires people to learn about the history of rock n' roll.
Liam	liamwolfe@yahoo.co.nz	Of Interest
When asked about the meaning of "american Pie" Don Mclean replied, "It means I never have to work again".
Roy R. Consulta	royc@ncc.gov.ph	Just a Comment!!!
I never imagine that this masterpiece of Don McLean got a lot of interpretations and explanations. That's good and very nice that I could hardly understand that this song all about. Thanks for Philippine folks....
Jordan	Anonymous	General Comment
SPEAK !!!
Jordan	Anonymous	General Comment
I like this song but I don't speek English very good. Thanks for this song Don. VERVIERS,BELGIUM
ashley	Anonymous	Wow!
I Love This song yet i had no idea about half of the stuff that has been interrpreted! This was an amazing eye opener!
Kirsty	sharka22@hotmail.com	Query
Hi there...I'm writing an essay on popular music...and I just need the duration time of the American pie song. Can anyone help me. Thank you !!! Kind Regards
Kirsty	sharka22@hotmail.com	Query
Hi there...I'm writing an essay on popular music...and I just need the duration time of the American pie song. Can anyone help me. Thank you !!! Kind Regards
Visitor	Anonymous	General Comment
"The three men I admire most.. Caught the last train..." Come on! That's a clear reference to Crosby, Stills and Nash and "Train to Marakesh"
Visitor	Anonymous	General Comment
i like this song very much. i'm from BANGLADESH.

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